Let’s rewind to Valentine’s Day. I’m single. I’m not feeling well. My mom is in town and our plan is to eat dinner and watch movies. As the sun goes down, I decide that I need a brownie—like I really need a brownie, for aforementioned reasons—and proceed to pull every baking book off of my shelves in my search for my ideal brownie recipe.
I wanted rich, dark, chewy, legit café-like brownies with crackly tops. I didn’t want gooey, fall-apart, stick-to-your-front-teeth brownies. I also didn’t want health-ified brownies or brownies swirled with cheesecake. I wanted one perfect brownie. Sometimes a girl just needs a brownie, you know?
I finally found a promising recipe in my copy of Alice Medrich’s Sinfully Easy Delicious Desserts. It was a thinner brownie than I wanted, but it looked dark and delicious and had the most magnificent shiny, crackly top. The recipe contains a fair amount of butter, as legit brownies should, and the butter is browned before the addition of sugar and cocoa powder. If you’re going to put a lot of butter in something, you might as well brown it for extra flavor.
Alice’s recipe also called for a lower-than-usual baking temperature (325 degrees) and specified that the brownies be baked in the lower third of the oven. All of the chocolate flavor came from cocoa powder, too. Interesting.
Alice’s brownies made from scratch turned out beautifully. Crackly top. Dense, fudge-like interior. Rich, complex flavor. They weren’t quite matching my idea of the quintessential brownie, though. I wanted a taller brownie, one that is a little more like a brownie than fudge, with some chopped dark chocolate thrown in for textural interest. Thus began my obsessive quest for the quintessential brownie recipe.
Five batches of brownies and a bunch of brownie research later, I think I’ve found it. I learned a lot along the way. I learned that in order to achieve the shiny, crackly top, you have to stir the sugar into hot butter so it melts. Alice’s low baking temperature and rack positioning also seem to improve texture, but I couldn’t tell you why.
My final recipe calls for more flour and a little baking powder to help the brownies rise. I also used whole wheat flour, as always, but there’s so much chocolate in the brownies that I promise no one will be able to tell. I don’t make statements like this very often, but this really is the best brownies recipe I’ve ever encountered. (I’ve provided footnotes in my recipe so you can adjust the recipe to produce your ideal brownie.)
Ever since I started making simple baked goods from scratch, I’ve wondered how boxed mixes ever became mainstream. Sure, you don’t have to measure out flour and baking powder, but you still have to add liquid and crack the eggs. That hardly saves much time, and comes with the additional cost of preservatives and ingredients that should never be in your food. (Hydrogenated oil is the devil.)
Michael Pollan, my favorite food writer, came to Kansas City last summer to talk about his latest book, Cooked. He finally solved the boxed mix mystery for me.
Pollan explained that the first boxed mixes contained powdered eggs, which removed the step of cracking eggs into the bowl. I mean, why go to the trouble of cracking eggs into a bowl if you don’t have to, right? Wrong. American women initially wanted nothing to do with the boxed mixes. They felt like they were cheating when they used them. Once the manufacturers took out the powdered eggs so we could crack eggs over the bowl, we felt like we owned the final result. The baked good was then homemade enough to present to our loved ones.
If you have never made brownies from scratch, give these a try and I promise you’ll never reach for a box again. If you’re pinched for time, throw in chocolate chips instead of chopping the chocolate by hand. Ta da! Homemade brownies made from scratch and baked with love.
The Very Best Brownies.
- Author:
- Prep Time: 15 mins
- Cook Time: 25 mins
- Total Time: 40 minutes
- Yield: 16 1x
- Category: Dessert
- Cuisine: American
Rich, dark, chewy and fudgy brownies made from scratch. These brownies are flavored with cocoa powder and brown butter and feature a beautifully swirled, flaky top. I don’t dare make claims like this very often, but this is the very best brownie recipe!
Ingredients
- 10 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into ½-inch slices
- 1 ¼ cups cane sugar
- ¾ cup natural unsweetened cocoa powder
- ½ teaspoon fine sea salt
- ¼ teaspoon baking powder
- ½ teaspoon espresso powder or very finely ground coffee (optional)
- 2 cold large eggs
- 1 ½ teaspoons vanilla extract
- ⅔ cup white whole wheat flour or flour of choice
- 2 ounces dark or semi-sweet chocolate, roughly chopped, or ⅓ cup chocolate chips
Instructions
- Preheat the oven to 325 degrees Fahrenheit with a rack in the lower third of the oven. Line an 8-inch square baking pan with two criss-crossed pieces of parchment paper, making sure that the paper is long enough to go up the sides a couple of inches. Grease the parchment paper.
- Brown the butter: Melt the butter in a medium-sized saucepan over medium heat. Continue to cook the butter, while whisking constantly, until it’s a pale golden brown and the particles suspended in it are reddish brown. This usually takes me about 10 minutes.
- Remove the pan from heat and stir in the sugar. Then add the cocoa powder, sea salt, baking powder and espresso powder. Stir until the ingredients are thoroughly incorporated. Let the mixture cool for 5 minutes.
- Add the eggs one at a time, beating vigorously with a wooden spoon or silicone spatula after each one. When the mixture looks thick, shiny and well blended, add the vanilla extract and the flour. Stir until you no longer see streaks of flour. Then beat vigorously (put those arm muscles to work!) for 50 strokes with the wooden spoon or spatula.
- At this point, the mixture should be no more than slightly warm (if not, let it cool for a few more minutes). Fold in the chocolate chunks or chips.
- Spread the batter in the lined pan, then use a knife to make light swirls in the top of the batter. Bake on the lower rack for about 25 minutes, until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out mostly clean. Cool the brownies in the pan on a baking rack.
- Once the brownies are completely cool, lift the edges of the parchment paper and transfer the brownies to a cutting board. Use a sharp chef’s knife to cut the brownies into 16 or 25 squares.
Notes
- Adapted from Sinfully Easy Delicious Desserts and King Arthur Flour.
- These brownies freeze well. Store them in a freezer-safe bag and let them defrost at room temperature.
- For more dense and fudge-like brownies, cook the brownies a minute or two less.
- For more fluffy and cake-like brownies, add another egg.
- For less rich brownies, skip the chopped chocolate.
- If you like nuts in your brownies, fold in 1 cup walnut or pecan pieces along with the chopped chocolate.
- I haven’t tried, but I think an all-purpose gluten-free flour blend could be substituted for the whole wheat flour with good results. (Update! Here’s proof that Cup4Cup flour works great in this recipe.)
▸ Nutrition Information
P.s. If you really want health-ified, naturally sweetened brownies, I have some dark chocolate zucchini brownies over here. Note that they don’t have the crackly top that these brownies do and that the zucchini hardly adds much nutrition because it’s almost entirely water. If I made them again, I would try skipping the zucchini altogether, upping the cocoa powder to 2/3 cup and decreasing the baking powder to 1 teaspoon for richer and less cakey results. 5/2/14: sorry folks, Terri says the brownies don’t turn out well when made this way!
Vegetable enthusiast. Dog lover. I'm probably making a big mess in my Kansas City kitchen right now. 
Amy
I definitely missed something. Even while mixing, I kept thinking something was off and looked to check the recipe multiple times. The timer just went off and they aren’t even close to cooked with no sign of crispy top.
Kate
Hmmm… Interesting. Do you know what you think you missed for ingredients? No issues with your oven heating?
Catherine
Yes! I’ve had the same issue too. I kept checking the recipe to see if I had done something wrong. When the brownies are baking, is it normal for the butter to boil up at the top of the brownies? I had to pour out some of the butter when I took the batch out of the oven.
★★★
whattheclump
If they are not cooked, cook them LONGER.
These are delicious brownies, the best I’ve ever had.
★★★★★
James
Thanks for the recipe – has been a staple recipe for us across the last few years! Love burnt butter in anything – sweet or savoury. Hope all is well, best wishes from South Australia
★★★★★
Susan Brodie
HI I made these brownies, browned the unsalted butter as you said, took it off the heat and added the cane sugar, cocoa ext, but the sugar didn’t melt? The butter had been boiling as I stirred it.
The batter was very thick after eggs, vanilla and flour were added.
Are there different kinds of and sugar. What I have is not very fine
Thanks
Kate
Hi Susan, I’m sorry to hear about your sugar troubles. That’s strange, since sugar usually dissolves when mixed with very warm liquid. I am not sure what went wrong, but I used organic fine cane sugar for these.
Andrea
I had the same problem but it was because I was using regular sugar in the raw (which is fairly course.) I made them again with plain white sugar (which is far finer) and it resolved the issue. However, if you want to use sugar in the raw, just run it through the food processor until it is fine.
★★★★★
Fatima Ashoor
Same issue! The batter was really thick.
Now it’s in the oven hope that it turns good as expected !
★★★★
Simone
Hi there, Sim here.
I have the exact same problem, I’ve made this recipe +10 times and I can’t figure out what I’m doing wrong. After the butter cocoa mix has cooled and I add in the eggs, the mixture becomes VERY thick and begins to have a crumbly texture. The more eggs I add (after allowing the mixer to mix the batter well between each egg) the more crumbly the batter becomes. Once I add my flour and chocolate I have a very thick batter that’s more like a dough that i have to press firmly into my tin. Are there any reasons that the mix would get thicker the more eggs I add? Super confused.
Kate
Hi Simone, I’m sorry you are having issues. I want to get to the bottom of it, so stay tuned!
Bella
These brownies tasted ok but as I like very fudgy brownies, these didn’t do it for me. They were dry and cakey. My perfect brownie recipe search continues!
Kate
I’m sorry you weren’t happy with these! How long did you leave them in the oven?
Eric Buch
I followed the recipe to a “T”, though I did have to use a 9″ x 9″ pan. The brownies didn’t rise much at all – turned out almost fudge-like. Still good, but hardly the brownies that I was anticipating. What might have happened?
Eric
★★★
Kate
Hi Eric, I’m sorry to hear that! Is there a chance you forgot to add the baking powder, or could your baking powder be expired? It helps the brownies rise.
Michaela Davis
I was just wondering i dont want to use sugar but stevia. How would i go about that with Your recipe?
Kate
I don’t cook with stevia, sorry. I know this recipe can be challenging to change things up (like the type of pan used) in order for it to turn out right. I wouldn’t suggest it here.
Sofia
The brownies came out pretty well! The browned butter adds a nice flavor. I baked them for 25 minutes, but the middle still seemed gooey and uncooked. However, after they cooled they were completely fine. I used instant coffee crystals, but they wouldn’t dissolve in my butter and sugar mixture. I recommend dissolving in a small amount of hot water first. Thank you for sharing this recipe!
★★★★
Kate
You’re welcome, Sofia!
Angela Pearson
Hi Kate we made your recipe for the very best brownies we liked the flavor but when eating they had a gritty texture kind of like the sugar didn’t dissolve do you know what we might have done wrong to cause this ? Thank you Angela & Allie
Kate
Hi Angela, I’m so sorry to hear that. Quick question—did you use a glass pan or a metal or stoneware pan? I have a hunch that glass pans might cause that issue, but I’m really not sure.
Diane Gatt
Hi! Could you send us the measurements for this recipe in grams/ml for all of us EU brownie lovers please? Thank you!
Kate
Hi Diane – You can find an online converter. Try this one: http://dish.allrecipes.com/cup-to-gram-conversions/. Let me know how it works!
Yilam
We prefer less sweet, so I only used half cup of sugar instead of 1 ¼ cups. Didn’t get much crust as expected, but still turned out delicious! just a little tricky to measure out 10tablespoons of butter, cups or weight would be easier. thank you so much for sharing!
★★★★
Kate
The decrease in sugar would likely change them slightly, but I’m still glad you liked it so much! Thanks, Yilam for sharing.
Simran Jain
What could I substitute for eggs?
★★★★
Kate
You could try using some vegan egg substitutes, like flax eggs or aquafaba. Maybe poke around the comments here and see if another reader has had some success, as I have a lot of helpful folks that leave tips and tricks for substitutions for specialized diets.
Adrianna
Hi! I mjust want to tell you that I’m looking forward to baking brownies and banana bread tomorrow! I can’t wait to try your recipie,it sounds delicious!!!!
I have a question…Do you have a bakery? If so…how did you start your business ?
Kate
Hi Adrianna! I don’t have a bakery, but that’s so kind you think I do. My job is as a food blogger. :)
Denise R.
Hi Kate, just made your brownie recipe almost exactly as written and they came out great. Cracks, swirls and all. Used Guittard Cocoa Rouge powder (awesome stuff), cut back on sugar a bit and baked a little longer since I have to use an old, cr*ppy apartment oven.
Would send you a pic but I don’t do social media, aka Instagram, Facebook, etc.
Thanks for the recipe; my brother-in-law will be thanking you later also while indulging. LOL
★★★★★
Kate
I love when that happens! I’m glad they were just as great for you, Denise.
Hania
I’ve tried a lot of brownie recipes, trying to eliminate my preference for boxed mixes (brownies are the only thing I never liked better from scratch!). I think I can finally say I don’t need to ever buy boxed brownies again, thank you!!! This recipe was wonderful, a beautiful crackly top, not too dense or too cakey, just a perfect brownie. I didn’t have that much cocoa on hand, so I reduced the cocoa and sugar and replaced it with more chopped dark chocolate. I also threw in some walnuts, and it was perfect. Thank you again!
★★★★★
Kate
I’m glad this worked well for you! Thanks for sharing, Hania.
Snigdha
Hey, what’s the substite for cane sugar? Or what is cane sugar? I can’t find it in UK supermarkets.
Also, isn’t most sugars from sugar cane? Gah I’m desperate to make these!
Kate
Hi Snigda, so sorry for the confusion! Use your regular grocery store sugar. It will work!
Leah
Just made these, they were really really good- super rich and decadent. I added toasted walnuts. I also added an extra egg as suggested to make them “cakey” however they were not at all cakey, they were like fudge. I also swirled some almond butter across the top. Next time (and there will definitely be a next time) I will bake them 3-5 minutes longer than the reccommended 25 minutes. Premium quality chocolate and cocoa powder are worth it and will really shine through in this recipe.
★★★★★
Kate
Oh, toasted walnuts. Lovely! Thank you for sharing, Leah!
Colleen
The brownies I was raised on always had a crispy top. I hated when people would make boxed mixes because they were too gooey! I love seeing other crispy top fanatics. I still have my mom’s recipe, that is my go to, but maybe I will have to try yours as well! Oddly we don’t use butter at all in our brownies, we use Crisco.
Kate
Thanks for sharing, Colleen!
Zephy
Hi Kate.
I would like to ask why do we need to beat the batter for the 50 strokes. Because most recipes say to mix until just incorporated after adding the flour as the gluten may form. So I really want to know what is the science behind it.
Thank you in advance.
★★★★★
Kate
Hi Zephy, the amount of butter used here keeps the batter from getting tough. Beating the mixture ensures that the batter is fully emulsified before baking. You’ll find some more insight here!
Zephy
Thank you so much, Kate!
★★★★★
Zephy
BTW, doors it matter what time you put the baking powder in?
★★★★★
Kate
Mix with the dry ingredients as it says in step 3. :)
Hiroko
I love your brownie recipe! Made it many times:)! I have questions that once I cut it and leave it to room temperature, the brownies’ surface gets dry.
-do I keep it in fridge after cutting?
-should I take out from the oven earlier than your mentioned time?
-should i wrap it when it’s still warm to make moisture?
I want keep it as fresh as long as possible!
I would appreciate that if you could answer my questions.
★★★★★
Kate
Hi Hiroko! I’m so glad you love these brownies. I’m not exactly sure how to answer your question without getting a good look at the dry surface you’re describing. The brownies should be glossy and dry to the touch on top, and moist on the inside. If that’s how yours are, then that’s how the recipe is designed to turn out. I’m afraid they’ll turn soggy (and potentially moldy) if you wrap them when they’re still warm. Once it’s cooled, you might want to press plastic wrap against the surface or wrap individual brownies. Not sure if refrigerating will help. Hope this is helpful somehow! :)
Elon Hawkins
Looks amazing. I know it will be so delicious as looking. I can’t wait to try this recipe at home. I am big fan of cakes.
★★★★
Kate
Let me know what you think!
Madison
I had a brownie craving so I searched “best homemade brownie” then as I was scrolling I was like “what am I doing??” And immediately added “Cookie and Kate” to my search bar.
Of course you had a delicious and different sounding recipe!
I accidentally heated the butter in a pan not a pot, but I think that helped speed my Browning process along. I was a bit worried that it didn’t appear that my sugar totally melted but it didn’t seem to do any harm.
I used “the saco pantry” cocoa, a blend of salted and unsalted butter based on what I had – so used a little less salt, and Trader Joe’s dark chocolate for the chunks.
I don’t haven have an 8×8, but rather a weird IKEA pan (maybe 8×4?) so had to improvise on time. Did it for about 35-40 minutes until a toothpick came out clean.
These are exactly what I wanted. They’re fudgey but not too dense. I don’t really taste the coffee grounds but I’m glad they’re in there. They taste so good and and I’m so glad I didn’t buy a boxed-mix to satisfy my craving. These are divine!
Thanks again!
★★★★★
Kate
I love that! Thanks so much for sharing and I love being a go-to for you. I appreciate the review, Madison!
Emily
I followed the recipe exactly and even after 35minutes cook time and 10minutes cooling time, these were a goopy mess. I double checked everything, used chocolate chips and King Arthur whole wheat.
★
Annie
These are dangerously good and worked out perfectly. I used cacao powder instead of cocoa, and it took an extra 10 minutes in the oven. This is my new House Brownie for sure!
★★★★★
Kate
Thanks for sharing, Annie!
Jaymie
Hi Kate! I am going to try to make this recipe this coming weekend for my boyfriend’s b day, he loves brownies. I am a little bit nervous, and I live in Denver Colorado. Can you help me plan for how I should adjust for baking at altitude? (5280 feet, to be exact) : )
Thank you!
Kathy Compton
I also found this recipe strange. It was incredibly thick when mixing the browned butter with the sugar. It thickened up more after adding each egg, so that the mixture was thick enough to stand a wooden spoon in. Due to the thickness, it did not change shape or rise at all when it was smeared into the pan. That said, the taste was not bad, it just felt more like a chocolate spread than a baked good. I will look elsewhere for a crackly top, but still have belief that browned butter is part of the secret!
★★
Kate
Hi Kathy! I’m sorry these didn’t turn out for you. I’m actually testing these to see what has been happening. Would you mind telling me the type of baking dish (material) and size you used.
Kathy Compton
Hello! Thanks for the reply:) I used a porcelain dish. So curious as to what happened with this recipe. Maybe there is a cutoff point for browning the butter- although I did think I was within the zone. It’s a real mystery…
★★
Sandy G
Hi – I baked these brownies with love, however, they came out very dry and with a bit of a grainy texture. I did cut them about 8 minutes out of the oven and I am not sure if this is the reason. I was disappointed in myself so I threw the entire batch out before they were cool….
What do you think I did wrong?
Patty
Hmm. Followed exactly, but used white flour and added 1/3 cup peanut butter chips along with 1/3 cup chocolate chips. The batter was very gritty and thick. Had to press it into the pan. No shiny top, no cracks. Not appealing looking. Cooling now, hopefully they taste better than they look.
Mira
This recepie doesn’t specify that you should probably be using very fine cane sugar, and I’m hazarding a guess that that was my problem here. I used the stuff you can get at The Bulk Barn which is slightly larger grains and it was an absolute disaster. Tried my best to salvage things by using regular granulated sugar, and mixing the butter in normally for round 2, but I guess that method increased the bake time some because after 25 minutes, the entire middle of the pan was still uncooked. It’s still in the oven right now, but I’m pretty disappointed with this recepie overall.
★
Erin
I never do this, but this recipe is terrible. I went with it because it was the first recipe that popped up on google and I have no idea how it made it so far up on the list. Grainy terrible fudge is what I’m left with. Followed the recipe and I’m an avid cook. I should have read the reviews first. Will never attempt this again.
Kate
I’m sorry to hear that, Erin! I’m actually working on testing this again to see if I can find the issue. What type of baking dish did you use(material) and size?
Rachel
Hi Kate – I love your creations – you never leave us disappointed!
I just made these brownies for my husband’s birthday. I typically don’t follow recipes (i’ll sub honey for sugar, or use less butter than is called for, etc.), but I followed this one to a tee. I think my one mistake was using a glass dish (rather than a metal pan)… like others said, when I went to pull it from the oven at 25min, it looked the same as it did when I put it in the oven. I left them in for an extra ~10 min or so, but never got the flaky top. They still taste good… just not very pretty to look at :)
★★★
Kristen
Kate, after reading the reviews and having the same disappointment as other reviewers I think I can speak on behalf of all of us and say that this isn’t a baking dish issue as the batter is so thick and difficult to work with after the addition of sugar to the butter. :(
Linda
Cannot wait to try these! Every recipe I’ve tried from C + K has come out amazing.
I was scrolling through the desserts and couldn’t seem to find the spiced pear cake made with oat flour that I swore was by you about two years ago. If I’m mistaken, please forgive me! If not, would love to see a repost and this time I will jot down the recipe for keeps :) Many thanks in advance and keep up the delicious work!
Kate
Let me know what you think of them when you do, Linda! Here are my pear recipes: https://cookieandkate.com/search/?q=pear. No cake that you are mentioning. Interested thought though!
ST
Made these, and they came out very well. Given some of the other comments, I was mindful to put in a lot of muscle into the stirring and mixing steps. Thank you for the recipe.
★★★★★
Kate
You’re welcome, ST! I’m glad the comments were helpful.
Dani
Hi, can I use vegan butter for this? like Earth balance sticks?
Kate
Hey Dani, this recipe is a little finicky to begin with, and the butter needs to be browned, so I think that would be pretty risky. Sorry to disappoint!
Claire Margaret Allen
Followed this recipe exactly and they turned out terribly. They didn’t rise, “crackle”, or have any fudgey results. More like a dry cake.
★
Sarah
Cooked 5 minutes longer than recommended and they’re divine! Yum!
★★★★★
Kate
I’m so happy they turned out for you, Sarah!
Tooba hassan
I made brownies for the first time ever with ur recepie and it turns out amazing its super moist, chewy, chocolatey and heaven ❤❤ i baked it on stove top and still it truns out amazing ❤ thank you ❤❤
★★★★★
Kate
Thanks for the review, Tooba!
Meredith
Not an advent chef to any degree, but I followed this recipe and the result was exactly what was described. Absolutely nothing wrong with these. No shame in admitting you made a mistake. I certainly do regularly. Keep on Kate.
★★★★★
Kate
I’m glad they worked out for you! Would you mind telling me the type and size of pan you used? I’m currently working on retesting this recipe.
Sara
These turned out great! They had the crackly top and were fudgy, but not stick to your teeth gooey.The chopped chocolate is a nice touch and gets melty again if you pop individual brownies in the microwave for 5 seconds. They are very rich chocolatey and go well with ice cream.
Notes:The batter is THICK! No joke about the arm power needed. The regular table sugar I used didn’t melt in the brown butter but I didn’t notice it in the baked brownie. Will still try grinding it in the blender next time. I used a round 9″ light color, heavy weight cake pan. I was nervous beacuse there was barely enough batter to cover the bottom. They did rise a little in the oven to about 1/4″ baked. My oven runs hot so I took them out at 25 min and let them cool for 2 hours before taking them out of the pan. Parchment paper helped get them out of the pan, don’t skip it! I don’t like coffee at all and opted for high quality, NON-alkali, natural cacao powder (Scharffen Berger). It’s worth it to get the good cacao as cheap ones can be too harsh. Also, if you use Dutch processed alkali cocoa powder it will react to the baking powder in these brownies and might not taste as good.
★★★★★
Kate
Thanks for your comment, Sara! I really appreciate it.
Aviana
I guess I should have read the comments… This ain’t my first rodeo and have done as directed, but my brownies are definitely not done after 25 minutes — almost the same consistency as when they first went in the oven! I’ve added another 10 minutes and we shall see what happens…. perhaps the recipe posted has a mistake ?? It was a pretty strange texture once everything was mixed up, almost gelatinous… anyone else see this texture after mixing ? As I’ve been writing this comment my timer is about to end — brownies are still not done! Might crank the heat now ….
★
Kate
Hi Aviana! I’m actually working to test this recipe again as I have found the type of baker used can impact them. What type of baker did you use? The material?
Emily
Hey! Just made this. 9×9 square glass pan. I notoriously have to bake things super long. At 325 F I baked mine for 45 minutes. I used foil cause I didn’t have parchment paper and it worked great. I used regular sugar, it didn’t dissolve in the butter but I wasn’t expecting it to do so. It melted just fine in the brownies. I had organic cane sugar (brand Simply Balanced) but I opted not to use it because I remember it not melting at ALL in previous baked goods, and it’s not coarse! The batter is thick but I expected that. Normally when I make recipes with whole wheat or any variation of healthy ingredients, I find the batters are often thick. The surface looks nice, and overall about 1/2 inch thick with a nice texture. Really good rich taste.
★★★★★
Kate
I appreciate your detail, Emily! Thanks for the review.
Diane
Just as others have commented; these brownies were not the best! I also followed the recipe as shown and they were a buttery mess in the oven. I am not a novice cook and will not make these again.
★
Kate
Hi Diane, thanks for the feedback! I’m working to re-test this right now. Would you mind telling me what type of pan did you use?
Kim
These might be the best brownies I have ever made, and I have tried a lot of different recipes. Browning the butter was brilliant as it gave the brownies a slightly carmel flavor. Yum! I used regular whole wheat flour and did not add chocolate chips. Definitely saving this recipe for future use!
★★★★★
Kate
Great to hear, Kim!
Genevieve
Wow! These turned out wonderfully for me. I was delighted that we mix everything in the pot in which we melted the butter! I followed your recipe steps exactly and used:
-AP flour
-refined sugar
-table salt (1/4 tsp instead of 1/2, in hind sight I would have left it at 1/2 tsp)
-8×8 pyrex metal pan
*I am also at high altitude, but I didn’t adjust anything.
My observations:
When I added the sugar, it became thick and looked like sand when you dig near the water on a beach. (Meaning it was pretty thick and didn’t dissolve all the way.)
Once I added the cocoa powder, it became a bit more liquid which was a surprising reaction. I added the ingredients pretty slowly, being sure to stir carefully before adding more. I beat the eggs into the batter like my life depended on it, and did so again for the last 50 beats after everything had been added.
The batter was really unified and thick, almost like a thick oatmeal consistency. It baked to perfection in about 27 minutes.
I had tremendous success with this recipe and would definitely make again once I gain the willpower not to go at the whole pan with a fork.
★★★★★
Kate
Thank you for all your detail, Genevieve!
Nicole
I’ve made this wonderful recipe multiple times. (no coffee, Bob’s Red Mill whole wheat pastry flour, 1 cup C&H cane sugar) and it’s always wonderful. We’ve accidentally overbaked them, undervalued them, and made them just right. Either way, flavor is wonderful. I bake in a glass Pyrex pan. I don’t like my 8×8 much, so I usually make these in my weird sized one from a set, I think it’s something like 7×11. I have no idea why so many people have been having problems with this, as I never have.
Currently, I’m working on converting it to a clean eating recipe because I want to be able to more without getting a stomachache! Ha! Anyway, I’m focusing on swapping for maple syrup and using finely chopped unsweetened baker’s cocoa. I haven’t worked out the links yet, probably because it’d work better if I swapped sugar for coconut sugar, but maple syrup is what I have. (It makes the best hot cocoa! Honey hot cocoa tastes weird.)
Anyway, you’ve been asking for feedback. No issues here with glass pans, and I love this recipe!!
★★★★★
Kate
Thank you for sharing, Nicole! What type of baker do you use?
Nicole
Hi! Do you mean the type of oven? I have one of these, it’s about a year old. I baked them in the lower oven with the rack lowered as per the directions, and I do not use convection bake. Though we’ve made these in our old range, which was a single oven electric that didn’t close/seal all the way. So, again, really baffled at what’s going wrong for some people! https://www.whirlpool.com/kitchen/cooking/ranges/double-oven-freestanding/p.6.7-cu.-ft.-electric-double-oven-range-with-true-convection.wge745c0fs.html
I made the “clean” brownies the other day. I did 1/2 cup honey and 1/2 cup maple syrup. I chopped up unsweetened baker’s chocolate instead of chocolate chips. I think they were a tad too sweet and too fudgy. I did under bake them. Grrr! And I noticed that the chocolate melted in more than I’d anticipated, since it’s much smaller than chocolate chips. Doh! Next time I’m going to add a bit more whole wheat pastry flour, because I want them more chewy and less fudgy. Probably reduce the honey. And chop the chocolate bigger or maybe press it into the top instead of stirring it in.
Brittany
Hey! When you say “or flour of choice”, what does that include? Not almond flour, correct? Which flours could be substituted? Thanks! :)
Kate
Hi Brittany! Whole wheat, all purpose or a gluten free 1:1 flour should work well.
Shelley
I made these 2X in a row. The first time I didn’t following the beating instructions exactly, or the oven placement. Used glass pan not the right shape,small but oblong shape. And I used coconut palm sugar. They were hard and did not get any rise. The 2nd time I followed the beating instructions closely, used regular sugar, the same glass pan, they turned out beautifully. I have to say both times they did not look ‘right’ when mixing. Looked quite grainy when mixing the sugar in, the batter was crazy thick and hard to beat. by the time I added all ingredients batter looked much smoother though was the same thickness. They rose, not by a lot, and they got the right look on top and they were chewy and moist. Loved them, though my daughter wanted an icing, they did not need it in my opinion. Kate, you are going to see lots of reviews by me from the last week or so . I am quite smitten with your site, am excited about cooking for the first time in a long time.Cooking has never been my thing, and my 10 year old daughter is so picky it has become quite a bit of a chore. Thank you so much for your site. I have made several dishes and we have both liked them all. I am making a dish for a meal train for a family in our neighbourhood so I will update you on that…
★★★★★
Kate
Thank you for sharing your experience, Shelley!
Jaqui
Hi Kate, could you give a different measure for the butter?
It won’t be easy to hack 10tbs out of this solid cold block of butter!
Thanks!
Kate
Hi Jaqui, I would suggest warming it or let it come to room temp. Sorry I don’t have an alternative for you.
Asher C
I have my third ever batch of these in the oven right now. They’re just perfect! I’m vegan so I’ve been replacing the egg with an equal quantity of soy milk and it’s worked great! I used spelt flour, sifted to remove some of the courser meal and a sunflower oil based ‘butter’.
★★★★★
Kristee
Hi, Kate! While this has become my go-to recipe for brownies, and always getting rave reviews and recipe requests, the flaky tops never showed up for me. I knew you’d had problems solving that for other people as well. I had been leaving it out to save money. That’s what creates the shiny crust (and the brown butter mixed into the sugar helps it). I may even experiment with the process of putting the recipe together (IE: all dry ingredients, all wet ingredients, then browned butter and chocolate last, and then beat it with the 50 strokes), and let you know. (That was the ONLY thing that I don’t like about this recipe, is how much longer it took to make. Worth it, though!) Thought you might like to know! Thanks again for the recipe.
For those out there who prefer it without the chocolate chips and/or accidentally got a boring, flakiness-lacking top on your pan of brownies, a sprinkle of powdered/icing sugar hides the dull tops beautifully. They still taste great! :)
★★★★★
Kate
Thanks for sharing, Kristee!
Kristee
Sorry, in my previous comment, I somehow deleted a sentence. It is the CHOCOLATE that makes the shiny, flaky top. Don’t leave it out, guys! It makes a richer brownie, but who wants a non-decadent brownie anyway?? If you leave out the chocolate, the tops will not be that pretty (unless you sprinkle with powdered sugar).
★★★★★
Trina
These were delicious: fudgey, crisp on top, and decadent! I had to bake them longer because I baked it in a rectangle pan (I don’t know if living at a high altitude matters?). I was sure I could count on your site for a great recipe! Thanks so much!
★★★★★
Olivia
Should have read the reviews before cooking. The sugar didn’t melt, way to grainy. No crusty top, and the batter was so thick it wouldn’t even tip out of the bowl.
★
Kate
Hi Olivia, I’m sorry this didn’t work out for you. I appreciate your review.
Heather
Mmmm, I made these into cupcakes a few days ago and I agree with you–it’s the best brownie recipe ever!! Sooo good. I was wondering if I could use almond flour, instead of wheat flour, to make them grain-free? I have a church baby shower coming up, and my part of the prep work is catering to the GF ladies there with the tagline, “If You Give a Mouse a Brownie.”
★★★★★
Kate
Hi Heather! This recipe is touchy, I’m really not confident almond flour would work well here. Thanks for letting me know you like the original variation! What type of baking dish did you use?
Heather
It was an aluminum muffin tin lined with paper cups. I think I baked them for 20 min, accidentally setting the oven @ 350 since I didn’t read the recipe carefully enough. But they turned out fudgy and yummy! I put a chocolate-chip-evaporated-milk ganache on top of them since I prefer frosted brownies.
★★★★★
Caroline
I made these brownies twice in one week because the first time they came out not at all the way they look in the photos. I thought I followed the recipe perfectly, but baked them in a glass Pyrex and thought maybe that was the issue. The second time I used a metal Nordic ware square baking pan and they came out better, but still not like the above description. They’re still chewy, rich, and delicious…but not nearly as photogenic. Really wish I could get that crispy top.
★★★★
Kate
Hi Caroline! Thank you for your feedback. I’m still working on figuring out why this is getting inconsistent results for some readers. I’m glad they still tasted good, although they weren’t photogenic.
Kacie
This recipe is awesome! I’ve been searching for the perfect brownie recipe and been so disappointed time and time again. But last night I found your recipe and followed your instructions carefully and they turned out beautifully. Nice shiny and crackly top with a chewy, fudgy inside- just the way I need a brownie to be! And I didn’t even have any chocolate chips or chocolate to chop so I skipped that part entirely and they still turned out delicious
★★★★★
Kate
I’m so happy this worked so well for you. Would you mind sharing the type of baking dish you used when you made these?
Sandra L Irick
These are indeed the best brownies. I made them with 85% chopped chocolate along with the cocoa powder, added walnuts and the extra egg. The texture and flavor were perfect. Intense chocolate, not just sweet. I did have to bake them about 10 minutes longer. Took them to a dinner party, everyone loved them. Surprised after reading the other reviews. I didn’t have any issues with ingredients.
★★★★★
Kate
I’m happy they worked so well for you and that you loved them, Sandra!
Laura
Incredible! The crackly top is the best part!
★★★★★
Kate
I’m so happy you love them! Thank you for sharing, Laura. What type of pan did you use? I know others have tried these in the past and the type of pan seems to matter.
Laura
I used an 8” dark metal pan! I think it’s from target.
Brinleigh
You’ve done it again! These brownies are incredible! I was really wanting a brownie today, and living out in the country had no choice but to make some myself. I am so pleased with how these turned out. I subbed in 1/4 cup of molasses in lieu of 1/4 cup of sugar because I love the taste but otherwise followed your recipe perfectly. I would make these again and would totally recommend this recipe to others!
★★★★★
Kate
Thanks for sharing!
Chelsea
Another winning recipe from Cookie and Kate!! I seriously come to your website every time I’m looking for a specific type of recipe and I haven’t been disappointed yet! These are the perfect complement to Valentine’s Day weekend. Delicious!
★★★★★
Lauren
I just made these tonight and they were AMAZING—with one exception. These brownies literally took AN HOUR to bake! After the recommended 25 minutes it still looked raw and I started to feel a little concerned… mostly because I was baking at 10:30pm and it was bedtime, y’all. But let me tell you. These are worth the wait!!!! I’m not sure if it was an oven issue or what, but I kept the pan in the oven until the knife came out clean, and the brownies were delicious.
I might have to play around with temperatures in my oven to shorten that bake time (or just bake earlier in the day!), but in terms of flavor and texture?? Perfection.
★★★★
samantha
I only have salted butter. Will that work? Should I skip the salt? Thnx
Kate
Hi Samantha! Yes, be mind full of how much salt you add. You can skip it altogether. Or add less than half, depending on your own salt preference.
Stephanie
Working from home during the crisis and wanted to treat my family to something delicious.
Thank you this worked perfectly. I used brown sugar and it combined nicely with the melted burnt butter. Glossy mixture and yes i also thought I’d missed an ingredient because it was quite thick. But, it was fine – cooked in 25 mins and has crisp shiny top with fudgy soft centre.
I think from reading other comments, perhaps the people who’s didn’t cook properly might not have had their oven on fan forced? I have a Miele combi steam oven, but didn’t use any steam and it worked fine on 160deg celcius. Also, 10 tbsp of butter is 140grams. If you want to add it to the recipe that would be great though for those who are having trouble.
Loved the burnt butter and I put freshly ground coffee in. So tasty. YUM!
Steph. Xx
★★★★★
Kate
Thank you for sharing, Stephanie! I’m so happy this worked perfectly.
Dan
Heya! Reduced the sugar content by 70gm, used dark cocoa powder, slightly more espresso powder, 70% dark chocolate & added walnuts. Came out perfect, cooking time was longer but perfect slightly fudgy, cracked top and chewy :) would add a swirl of salted caramel next time.
★★★★★
Akos
Perhaps ppl are mixing up the butter quantity? 10 tbsps is a head scratcher!
Looking forward to making these!
Libby
First, Cookie and Kate has become my go-to for healthy recipes, and I often just skip the googling and look here first. I was so so sad about these brownies! I’ve been baking for 35 years and would say my skills are very above average, and fresh ingredients are well-stocked here.
I had several of the same issues mentioned by others: under baked at 25min (not just gooey, raw center), gritty, and too thick/gummy texture. I tried a second time, adding an extra egg and cooking longer. Similar gritty results, but this time dry as well :(
I live at 4500’ so sometimes recipes need tweaking, like reducing leavening, but I think the culprit here may be too little leavening. Also, maybe melt the sugar into the butter before removing from heat to help grittiness?
Keep at it Kate! There’s a winner waiting to be found here.
★★★
Kate
Hi Libby, Thank you for your comment and detail! I’m sorry this didn’t turn out for you. I have been working to test this recipe again and again to see what is happening. It works great for me every time. What type of baking dish did you use? What was the material?
Libby
First was a ceramic 8×8, second try glass
Roxxy
These brownies are AMAZING! At one point I thought I browned the butter too much, it was hard to tell because it was bubbling (maybe I whisked too much?) but it ended up fine! I cooked them in a brownie pan and they were perfect, even drizzled hot fudge on top! LOVE THIS RECIPE.
★★★★★
Kate
Hi Roxxy! I’m glad they turned out for you. You want to avoid the butter getting too hot, but it didn’t sound like it was boiling and turned out! I appreciate you taking the time to review.
Sarah Greer
Yes, I had the gooey mess problem and it was gooey and bubbling at 25 min. but I definitely had the butter boiling ( I used kerry gold butter), then when the sugar (regular Imperial brand) was added it went straight to sand texture. I ended up baking an additional 15 min When everything cooled, the edges were rock hard and the whole thing was greasy. baked in a metal non-stick pan. maybe the butter “broke”? Is that a thing?
Kate
Hi Sarah! I’m sorry you had issues. This is one that just isn’t consistent and I’m still working to figure out why. One variable that seems to make a difference is the baking dish. Glass seems to work best, but I haven’t confirmed that’s the only issue. I hope you still try other recipes! All my best.
Kristen
Is the batter suppose to be incredibly thick? I literally just made these with my kids but the whole time I stood here thinking something wasn’t right. It was incredibly difficult to stir and especially to scoop into my pan… I put them in anyway but I don’t have high hopes for them unfortunately… just wanted to jump on and see if anyone could confirm if this texture was normal. Thanks!
PS. I literally use your recipes most of my week for dinner ideas and they all turn out amazing and I swear by them, so thank you!
Kate
Hi Kristen! How did the brownies turn out? I’m sorry you had trouble. To be honest, this is the one recipe on my site that doesn’t turn out consistently for others—even though I’ve made it over and over and not experienced those issues myself! I would love to figure out what goes wrong sometimes, but I’m still working on it. I’m sorry and I hope you continue to enjoy my other recipes! All my best.
Timbarnum
Something is off. Carefully checked ingredients batter seemed too thin. Poured into pan. No way it could be swirled. Still cooking 40 min later. Came out bad.
★★
Kate
Hi Tim, I’m sorry this didn’t work for you. I have continued to work on this recipe as there have been varying results. I don’t believe this is one of the usual issues. Did you follow step 4 – Add the eggs one at a time, beating vigorously with a wooden spoon or silicone spatula after each one. When the mixture looks thick, shiny and well blended, add the vanilla extract and the flour. Stir until you no longer see streaks of flour. Then beat vigorously (put those arm muscles to work!) for 50 strokes with the wooden spoon or spatula.
Lauren
Okay so these turned out amazing! I was super worried while making the batter as mine came out incredibly thick like others were saying. However, after 27 minutes in the oven, they are perfectly chewy and crispy on the edges! I used a glass 7×11 pyrex dish for reference and greased with some oil. I used standard granulated sugar and omitted the espresso powder and chocolate chunks as I didn’t have either on hand. I definitely vigorously mixed it after each addition, and even though it was thick, it tasted great! My top wasn’t crackly, but that might be due to the glass dish or the lack of choco chunks.
★★★★★
Kate
I love that this turned out so well for you, Lauren! I appreciate you sharing how you adjusted it. It’s been a tricky recipe.
Akshata
Hey! I’ve been planning to bake these but we’re under strict lockdown here and sourcing supplies is a bit of a problem, any ideas on changes to be made when using salted butter and sweetened cocoa? (edits to salt and sugar quantities and cooking processes?) Also don’t have parchment paper :(
Thanks!
Kate
Hey there! I really want to offer solid advice here, but I have to say that this recipe is a little finicky as is. I don’t feel comfortable making suggestions that I have not tried. You might search around for a brownie recipe that is designed for those ingredients. All my best!
Megan
These were amazing!! My family kept coming back to the kitchen for more :) I didn’t have any vanilla extract left in my pantry, so I had to leave that out, but they still turned out great. I used brown sugar instead of cane (I only used 2/3 cups since we like our desserts less sweet), and was generous with my portion of ground coffee, and they turned out so moist and light. I also used cold brew as a liquid base to make my batter more creamy, since mine ended up a bit dry after I followed the recipe steps (also to add more coffee flavor). Thank you for sharing yet another delicious recipe!
★★★★★
Vanisha
Worked for me and got the thumbs up in the boyfriend taste test I got a bit worried by the comments, so gave them 30 minutes on the bottom shelf of my AGA baking oven and another 30 in the middle. I think next time I’ll reduce that second bake to 15 minutes. Despite a grainy mixture, these have come out really nice. I used a 6” tin, omitted the coffee (I think I forgot the vanilla essence too) and added walnuts instead of chocolate chips. I didn’t achieve the glossy top, but they look great, so I’m not worried.
★★★★
Rachel
The taste is amazing but I was pretty disappointed as mine came out crumbly. I followed everything to the T and they barely stay together. I’m thinking we might even have to eat them with a fork. Any ideas why this might have happened?
I’m usually a huge fan of your recipes, especially since I can make so many of them overseas where I live in South Asia. They are truly wholesome ingredients that I usually can find in the market. :-)
★★★
Kate
Oh no! I’m sorry to hear that, Rachel. I have retested this recipe several times and haven’t been able to recreate the issues readers have had. I assume you mixed as it stated? What type of baking dish did you use? I’m glad you have been enjoying other recipes, though!
Rachel
No worries. I mixed everything as instructed and baked it in a silicone dish– maybe thats why.
Andrea
In love ❤️! Thanks a loooot all my family loved it and I had so much fun baking it
★★★★★
Judy Haiven
Just made these … tasted ok, but they did not have a shiny nice topping, rather it was dull dark brown. And they fell apart when I cooled them then tried to cut them in squares. I like ALL your recipes and normally they work well for me. But what happened here? I did everything you suggested, the only thing I can think is I baked it in a GLASS (pyrex) 8X8 pan, and baked it at 300F, rather than 325. What do you think, regards from Nova Scotia, Canada… Judy
Kate
Hi Judy! Thank you for your detail. I have re-tested this recipe several times and can’t seem to figured out the inconsistency other than container. Assuming you stirred as noted? The temperature change could have played a part, how long did you bake it for at the lower temperature?
Judy Haiven
About 10 min. longer at the 300F temperature. Maybe I’ll try again at the right temperature. Even though I’m using pyrex. thanks.
I’m very impressed by your noting Black Lives Matter. You are the first cooking writer I’ve notice to do this. It makes me think you are an Activist and that makes me feel good.
Cristina
I love this recipe! I’ve made it a couple of times now, the first time I wasn’t sure about mixing everything by hand and used an electric mixer, the batter was shiny and the results were amazing, people went crazy for them. The second time, I mixed them by hand, and the texture was gritty, they tasted great but not like the first time. These are amazing and I’ll keep making them for a very long time!!
★★★★★
Clem
Hi this looks great, I will try it this weekend. Is there a difference between stirring and beating in step #4? It says to stir then to beat but in my book those are synonyms.
Thanks!
Kate
Hi Clem, Great question! You will want to beat (stir very hard and aggressive) vs just stir to mix. I hope that makes sense!
Rachel R
I am reading through the comments and it bittersweet to know that others have experienced the same issue. Butter is boiling to the top. I have the brownies in a reg. size metal cake pan. It has also been past the 25 minute baking mark. Batter came out way too thick to even get the spatula I was using to do any kind of beating. I too used organic cane sugar but skipped out on using the espresso. The sugar was still grainy when it was fully incorporated w/the melted reddish brown butter (which I did stir with a whisk constantly). This recipe got me twisted.
Inba
Hi
Thanks for the recipe. I followed what you have told and it just comes out awesome.
I have a doubt. Am trying to make more number of pieces at instance. So can I triple up the ratio and try it in the baking tray. Will it be good as this one?
Kate
Hi! I’m not sure about increasing this recipe as I’m still trying to figure out why it doesn’t seem to work for everyone. Instead, I would suggest baking another batch in a separate pan. I hope this helps!
Fatima Ashoor
Same issue! The batter was really thick.
Now it’s in the oven hope that it turns good as expected !
Oh it’s boiling now in the oven
★★★★
Becky
Ok, the first time I made these brownies they were amazing, but ever since I’ve failed at recreating them and even have had to throw batches away! BUT I think I figured out the issue!
I’ve made them 4 times and they have all came out different, but I believe the issue is sugar variations. I think you can only use fine white sugar. The first time I made them using fine white cane sugar they were great, definitely a bit fudge-y like some comments say but they rose and were still like a brownie. The second time my roommate made them, but we didn’t have cane sugar so she actually used the turbinado sugar we had and the brownies were a disaster…didn’t mix or cook at all. 3rd time I made them I didn’t have eggs so I used egg replacer (which I actually think may have expired because the texture of it was like gum) and that time I used the Trader Joe’s organic cane sugar. The dough was thick and dry and the brownies didn’t rise at all. I thought it may be the egg replacer. But I just made them again with regular eggs but still Trader Joe’s organic, and I’m pretty positive it’s the sugar that’s the problem. The first time I made them I used fine white cane sugar, and every other time (twice using TJ’s organic sugar once with turbinado) the sugar did not melt or incorporate well and rose to the top after baking, affected taste and made it so the batter doesn’t rise. All 4 times I used an 8×8 glass pan which didn’t affect anything.
I use this blog religiously and it’s usually great, and I did love this recipe the first time which is why I keep trying to recreate it, so thought I’d share my findings!
★★★
June Wright
They look lovely. But wish you’d write give the recipe In weights (preferably gms). 10 Tblpoons butter! 2/3 cup!
Carrie
I was worried given all the reviewers who had trouble, but mine turned out great! I used regular granulated white sugar, 1/3 cup King Arthur 100% whole wheat flour, and 1/3 cup stoneground white flour from a local mill (it’s just what I had — I needed to use up baking supplies before moving). I used regular cocoa, not Dutch-processed. I added about 1/3 of an Abuelita Mexican chocolate tablet, chopped roughly in my food processor.
I worried that I might have over-browned the butter; particles were dark brown/black, and this happened much faster than 10 minutes, more like 5. The sugar didn’t fully dissolve. I don’t know if I beat the batter hard enough or long enough at the end. The batter was indeed very stiff and had to be scraped, not poured, into the pan. I baked in a Pyrex glass 8×8 baking dish (greased with avocado oil but not using parchment paper, as I didn’t have any) at 325°F for 25 minutes. I have a gas oven (heats from the bottom) and I baked it in the middle of the oven. Center wasn’t done at 25 minutes (a testing skewer came out covered in liquid batter) so I added 10 more minutes. Then a skewer came out covered in moist, but not liquid, brownie, so I called it done. I let cool completely in the pan before cutting. Center was solid by that point. Brownies are fudgy and rich, as expected.
In case location and weather matter: I was baking in Austin, Texas on the afternoon of August 2, 2020. Outside it was 97°F and 32% relative humidity; inside it was 74°F and 54% relative humidity.
I have noticed in other recipes that stoneground flour tends to be much “thirstier” than regular flour (it absorbs a good bit more liquid). Maybe that helped the brownies set up? Or maybe I just got lucky?
★★★★★
Kate
Carrie, all of this detail is incredible. Thank you! I’m hoping to get down to the bottom of the issues soon and I’m happy it worked so well for you!
Preethi
Can I substitute white wheat flour with whole wheat flour
Kate
Hi! Other flours should work fine here, although this recipe is tricky and doesn’t work for everyone. I’m still working to get to the bottom of it! Good luck and let me know how it works for you.